Project-Based Instruction

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Project-Based Instruction

For students in my history and social work classes I am increasingly using project-based instruction. The idea behind project-based instruction is that students now have access to a plethora of information over the internet. Although it is still important for instructors to help students gather, filter and evaluation information, the biggest challenge is no longer getting access to information, but what students will do with that information once they get it.

In addition to having greater access to greater amounts of information, everyone now has the power to produce and publish content, and to distribute it to the general public. This means that students no longer have to be merely consumers of knowledge, they now have it within their power to become producers of new information and to add to the overall body of knowledge. This is another  good reason for project-based instruction. Students who have taken the time and effort to read the literature on their topic, and to follow the discourse on it, will be in a position to add their voice, in meaningful ways, to topics they are interested in.

A third reason for using project-based instruction is that teaching is the best way to learn. When we teach others what we have studied, we learn to anticipate questions that others might have. We also learn how to put our thoughts into words and express those thoughts in a way that makes sense to others. Teaching what we have studied helps us to identify the gaps in our knowledge so that we can strengthen areas where we are weak. Project-based instruction turns students into teachers, which deepens their base of knowledge and their capacity to learn.

Project-based learning is important for future professionals. Increasingly professionals are discovering the benefits of blogging in order to reach more clients, customers and constituents. The most successful blogs and websites are not self-promotional; they focus on sharing information for free in order to build trust and credibility. Students, and even seasoned professionals, who develop the habit of blogging and creating websites to share information, will find that they have acquired a valuable tool for social networking, not only online, but also in their immediate environment.

One other thing; as a historian I am keenly aware of how difficult it is to re-construct much of  history because so few people, other than the elites, left records of their thoughts and experiences. Social science also tends to speak for populations, rather than allowing them to speak for themselves. Many people have been put in the position of being consumers of other people's interpretation of their lives and experiences, rather than having the power to generate their own accounts and interpretations. Project-based learning has the potential of getting more and more people in the habit of carefully formulating their thoughts so that their voices will be heard, remembered, and taken seriously in the public arena.

Using a Journal to Track Your Learning Process

The projects that I have my students work on result in "artifacts of learning," in other words, the evidence of their learning is in what they have produced by the end of the course. Usually this takes the form of creating and maintaining a public blog or a website. There is also a corresponding assignment, such as maintaining a journal, to document what they are learning as they work on their project for the course. Typically, journaling will focus on how they came across their sources, how they selected them, and choices they had to make about how to interpret these sources.

The early part of the journal will typically discuss what it is they think they know about the topic, and what they expect to find in their research. As they work on their project for awhile, the journal will begin to discuss some of the surprises, mistakes or difficulties they have encountered along the way. The final chapters of the journal should discuss what they have learned from the whole process.

Project-based instruction, which combines the process of creating an artifact of learning with the activity of keeping a self-reflective journal, can be a powerful way for students to learn by teaching and increase students' awareness of their process of learning. This empowers students to take ownership of their process of learning and contribute to the overall body of knowledge for others to sift through, evaluate and use in the future.

See also: How Teachers Teach and Students Learn , The Four Arrows of Project-Based Learning and Wikis, Discussion Boards, Journals, and Blogs

C. Matthew Hawkins

Social Work: What's In It For Me?

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I am reminded that there are many motives for entering the social work profession. If you ask a person why they became a social worker they will usually say, "because I wanted to help other people," but a student addressed an interesting question to our class the other day: "Did you enter social work mostly to help other people (maximize their potential) or did you do it to (actualize) yourself?"

It was a good question. I can hear the chorus of denials from many social workers, that they are thoroughly altruistic and there is nothing in it for themselves in the least. I'm not sure that this is the healthiest way to think about social work.

It's fairly obvious that most social workers don't want to come off as being someone who promotes themselves at the expense of others -- or they don't want to acknowledge it if this is what they are doing. A social worker would violate the code of ethics if they deliberately fostered client dependency, and if their driving motivation was to boost their own self-esteem, by becoming important in someone else's eyes. But there is another form of self-interest that is not dysfunctional -- in fact, one can argue that it is essential in order to be a good social worker; the quality of solidarity with the human condition -- particularly in their loneliness and suffering. It's easy to share their joys; the real test is whether or not we have time for them when they are suffering.

I am reminded of a poster I saw in a soup kitchen once. I was working as a volunteer; the poster quoted Lilla Watson, "If you have come here to help me, you are wasting your time. But if you have come here because you understand that your liberation is bound up with mine, then let us work together." We work for the liberation of others, not out of pity or condescension, but because we are all bound up together in this struggle for a better life.

When we acknowledge that our liberation is bound to the liberation of other people -- and this liberation can be psychological, spiritual, emotional, economic, or political -- then this would be a healthy form of self-interest.

Pope Benedict, XVI argued, in his encyclical on Love, that when one is afraid, or feels vulnerable, that is not a good time to turn inward in a vain attempt to protect oneself. The cure for fear and weakness is to give yourself, selflessly, to others. The cure for fear and weakness is to reach out, to transcend yourself.

A healthy sense of self-interest, for the social worker, would occur when their practice links them to a larger community rather than continuing to live in fear and isolation, cut off from the experiences of the rest of humanity.

C. Matthew Hawkins

The Social Worker in an Age of Alienation

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Have Systems Grown Too Large for People to Matter?

In yesterday's class we talked about the sense of alienation that many people experience in modern (and postmodern) society. The most common complaint I hear about the government and the political process is that people don't believe they have a voice in it any more. They say, "It's supposed to be a democracy, but how do I get to participate? I get the sense that my voice won't be heard and that nothing I can do really matters."

With the candidates of the two major parties for president of the United States, in 2012, raising nearly $1 billion to promote themselves -- not counting the money that is raised by outside sources -- it is not surprising when people ask, "What can I do to have any impact on the political process? I don't have any money to put into a political campaign."

I have circulated petitions to get candidates on the ballot during several elections. This is a normal part of the political process; all campaigns must do this. I went door-to-door to get the petition signed, precisely because this is the political process. I was surprised by how many people would not sign the petition because they had never been asked to do this before. They had been buffered from a fundamental step in the democratic process. Usually petitions are circulated and signed by political insiders; the general public does not engage in politics on this level. They are only brought in later, as spectators, to watch political ads and to cast their vote for the candidates who survive the initial rounds of vetting, including fund raising and petition signing.

And what chance does an ordinary person have of being heard above the din of special interests after an expensive campaign? For many people it feels as though the two major parties are only paying attention to the top 20% of income brackets, and some would say they only pay attention to the top 1%.

When people are uncertain about how to participate in the political process they become alienated from politics altogether. They suspect they won't be heard above the lobbyists. Those who are motivated enough, or sufficiently angry, take to the streets to call attention to their pain. In the past four years we have seen the rise of the Tea Party movement, on the right of the political spectrum, and Occupy Wall Street on the left. While the political agenda of the two groups is very different, the underlying concerns of the two groups are not. Both protest movements are reactions to the sense that policy is made by elites who are insensitive to the suffering or ordinary people. There is a sense that nobody at the top is listening, and nobody cares anymore. People are being crushed under the burden of student loans they can never repay, mortgages they can't afford, medical bills that are forcing them into bankruptcy -- yet the party continues at top, whether Democrats or Republicans are in power. Some of the newer grassroots political movements are reactions against the apparent deafness and complacency of political and economic elites.

This alienation leads people to distrust conventional institutions that used to be able to form social consensus. There was a time when people thought they could rely on mainstream media to find out what was going on in the world; these days the relevance and credibility of major news outlets is practically a joke. The kindest label attached to the mainstream news is that it is merely there to entertain us. Darker visions see it in conspiratorial tones. Increasingly, people treat the conspiratorial narratives of the blogosphere and online videos as being more credible than conventional sources. At least the blogosphere speaks to people's frustrations and pain, while mainstream media are busy trying to sell them products they can no longer afford.

I have felt, for some time, that if there is a role for social workers to play in the 21st century it is to contribute to the restoration of social networking and the sense of community. The role of the 21st century social worker should be to make the legal and medical systems -- two professional and economic mammoths in American society today -- accessible and comprehensible to people in the bottom 20 to 40% of income brackets. The role of the social worker may be to give a human face to otherwise impersonal social systems -- above all, it may be to make those systems more responsive to people without financial resources and professional social contacts.

On the other hand, the internet is also very good at giving lay people access to professional insiders and linking people in virtual communities -- and it is good at mobilizing real people in real time for events, and potentially for collective action.

Budget cutters will no doubt be tempted to ask, "Why do we still need to fund social workers when people can empower themselves through the internet?" Social workers better have a convincing response to this question. If they don't become more than just dispensers of information and providers of referral services they may soon be relegated to the category of irrelevance along with other aspects of social life from the last century.

C. Matthew Hawkins